In the first issue of the Chronicle a number of people were named who have been excluded from the Party: for signing letters (CCE 1.2) about the trial of Galanskov, Ginzburg and others; and for certain other ‘ideological’ misdemeanours.
The surnames of certain people dismissed from their jobs were included.
Since then the number of people who have suffered one or another form of repressive measure or reprimand has increased. There follows a list indicating the cause and nature of these repressive measures.
*
AFTER & BEFORE THE TRIAL[1]
We remind readers that five letters (CCE 1.2-3)
- “the Letter of 170” (3.2), 224 signatories;
- the Letter of 80 (3.1), signed by 80;
- “the Writers’ Letter” (3.3): 24+ signatories;
- “the Ukrainian Letter” (3.7): signed by 139;
- “a Novosibirsk Letter” (3.6), 46 signatories
were written AFTER THE TRIAL (8-12 January 1968), and speak about violations of glasnost and legality.
“The Letter of 120” (3.5) was written in defence of Alexander Ginzburg.
The Letter of 99 was in defence of Alexander Volpin.
*
In listing the reasons for repressive measures, three letters sent BEFORE THE TRIAL are also included:
- the Letter of 116 demanded glasnost and open access to the trial;
- in response to rumours that the trial would officially be closed, the Letter of 44 demanded an open trial;
- the Letter of 31 expressed concern about the fate of Alexander Ginzburg in conditions when there might be violations of legality and a lack of glasnost.
*
SIGNATORIES (91 names)
[All but the last two surnames are in Russian alphabetical order. Those mentioned are from Moscow unless indicated otherwise]
1. Yury Aikhenvald
Poet, translator and schoolteacher of Russian language and literature; former inmate of Stalin’s camps, rehabilitated; signed the Letter of 170.
Dismissed under Article 49 (Labour Code), reinstated after applying to the courts (CCE 5.1 [4]).
2. Alla Alexandrova
1st-year student in the Historical & Philological Faculty (Pedagogical Institute), she signed the Letters of 116 and 170. Expelled from the Komsomol and the Institute.
3. Igor Alexeyev
A lecturer in philosophy at NOVOSIBIRSK University; signed the Novosibirsk Letter. Severe Party reprimand.
4. Ludmila Alexeyeva [Alekseyeva]
A historian and editor at Nauka (Science) publishers; signed the Letters of 116, 44 and 80.
Expelled, in her absence, from the Party by the district committee; dismissed from her post as “professionally unsuitable”. She has appealed to the courts.
5. Nikolai Andronov
Artist, signed the Letter of 120. Severe Party reprimand.
6. Pavel Antokolsky
Poet and Writers’ Union member; signed the Writers’ Letter. Severe Party reprimand.
7. Arkhangelsky
D.Sc. (Physico-Mathematical Sciences), professor at Moscow University, signed the Letter of 99. Severe Party reprimand.
8. Boris Balter
Prose writer and Writers’ Union member; signed the Writers’ letter. Severe Party reprimand.
9. Mikhail Beletsky
Mathematician resident in Kiev; signed the UKRAINIAN letter. Dismissed “at his own request”.
10. Ludmila Belova
Graduate in philosophy, nstitute of Art History; signed the Letter of 80. Expelled from Party by district committee.
11. Boris Birger
Artist, signed Letter of 31 and the Writers’ letter. Expelled from Party by district committee; relegated from full to candidate status (CCE 2.2) in the Artists’ Union (Moscow section).
12. Ludmila Borisova
Sociologist resident in NOVOSIBIRSK; signed the Novosibirsk letter. Severe Party reprimand.
13. Nikolai Vilyams [2]
Mathematician and lecturer at Institute of Precision Chemical Technology (). Inmate of Stalin’s camps, rehabilitated; signed the Letters of 80 and 99. Dismissed “at his own request”.
14. Vladimir Voinovich
Prose writer and playwright; Writers’ Union member, signed the Writers’ Letter.
Two plays (“I want to be Honest” and “Two Comrades”) withdrawn from Soviet repertoire, the latter in rehearsal in 36 theatres across the USSR but not yet staged.
15. Zoya Volotskaya
Linguist, Institute of Slavonic Studies, signed the Letter of 170. Defence of dissertation indefinitely postponed.
16. Sergei Vorobyov
Editor at Soviet Encyclopaedia publishers; declared at general meeting that no discussion could be held nor criticism passed on letters about the trial when no one present had read them.
Expelled from Komsomol.
17. Ilya Gabai
Teacher of history and literature, previously editor at USSR Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Asian Peoples [3]. Spent over four months in Lefortovo Prison in 1967 as a result of the demonstration on Pushkin Square. Released in absence of any concrete evidence of guilt.
Signed the Letters of 40 and 170; and, with Yuly Kim and Pyotr Yakir, signed the Appeals “To Figures in Science, Culture and the Arts”, and to the Budapest Conference (CCE 1.4).
Dismissed from temporary employment on 1 March 1968, a month earlier than expected. Joined an expedition of geologists in May: rejected at the last moment on direct instruction from the KGB.
18. Piyama Gaidenko
Cand.Sc. (Philosophy), research officer, Institute of the International Workers’ Movement (USSR Academy of Sciences), signed the Letter of 80.
Expelled from Party by district committee, removed from post. Subsequently readmitted to Party by the Party Oversight Committee; expulsion commuted to severe Party reprimand.
19. Valeria Gerlina
Schoolteacher in Russian language & literature, wife of Yury Aikhenvald; inmate of Stalin’s camps, rehabilitated; signed the Letter of 170. Dismissed from post under Article 49 (Labour Code); reinstated after applying to the courts (CCE 5.1 [4]).
20. Yury Gerchuk
Art specialist, Institute of the Theory & History of Architecture (); signed the Letters of 116 and 80. Expelled in his absence (CCE 2.2) from Artists’ Union (Moscow Section) by the AUMS presidium.
21. Alexei Gladky
D.Sc. (Physico-mathematical sciences), Institute of Mathematics, USSR Academy of Sciences (Siberian Section); lecturer at NOVOSIBIRSK University; signed the Novosibirsk Letter. Dismissed “because of staff cuts” as part of abolition of department of mathematical linguistics.
22. Yury Glazov
Postgraduate member in historical sciences, Institute of Asian Peoples (USSR Academy of Sciences; Note 2). Linguist in Slavonic languages; signed the Letters of 31, 80 and 170, and Appeal to the Budapest conference (CCE 1.4). Expelled by decision of the Academic Council.
23. Igor Golomshtok
A specialist in the arts, signed the Letters 116 and 80.
Relegated in his absence (CCE 2.2) to candidate member of the Artists’ Union (Moscow Section) for six months by that body’s presidium [4].
24. Mstislav Grabar
Cand.Sc. (Physico-Mathematical Sciences), senior lecturer at Institute of Aviation Technology, signed the Letters of 116, 80 and 99. Dismissed “at his own request”.
25. Pyotr Grigorenko
Former army Major-General and expert in military cybernetics.
Cand.Sci. (Military Sciences), former engineer at a construction directorate, Grigorenko wrote individual letters: (a) to the CPSU Central Committee about the trial of Vladimir Bukovsky; and (b) to the RSFSR Supreme Court with an exposition of evidence which he had no opportunity to give at January trial//.
Signed the Letters of 116 and 80, Appeal to the Budapest Conference (CCE 1.4), and other declarations in defence of legality and civil rights; summoned to KGB in February for a “prophylactic chat”, //on account of which he then wrote a letter to KGB head Yu.V. Andropov.
Dismissed “because of staff cuts”.
26. A. Gurvich
D.Sc. (Biology), Institute of Experimental Medicine, signed the Letter of 120. Dismissed from directorship of his laboratory.
27. Yury Davydov
Cand.Sc. (Philosophy), Institute of History of the Arts, signed the Letter of 80. Severe Party reprimand.
28. Felix Dreizin
A linguist, Cand.Sc. (Philosophy) at NOVOSIBIRSK University; signed the Novosibirsk Letter. Dismissed “at his own request”.
29. Boris Yefimov
Editor, signed the Letters of 116 and 170. Dismissed “because of staff cuts”, since reinstated.
30. Boris Zolotukhin
Barrister and counsel to Alexander Ginzburg; asked for not guilty verdict for his defendant.
Expelled from Party by district committee “for his non-Party and un-Soviet line of defence”. Removed as director of an office for legal consultations and from presidium of Moscow City Bar association.
In June 1968 expelled from Bar itself, i.e. deprived of right to appear for the defence.
Reasons for expulsion: he “negligently uttered politically obscure formulations which gave our political enemies the opportunity to exploit them to the detriment of the Soviet State and Soviet justice, and did not take measures to deny them”.
His appeal for readmission to Party, presented to Party’s Oversight Committee, not granted.
31. Kirill Ilychev
Physicist, Institute of Kinetics, USSR Academy of Sciences (Siberian Section, CCE 2.2); signed the Novosibirsk Letter. Expelled from Komsomol by Komsomol district committee.
32. Irina Kamyshanova
Typist and witness at trial of Galanskov and co-defendants, signed the Witnesses’ Letter (3.12). Dismissed from job “at her own request”.
33. Yury Karyakin
Cand.Sc. (Philosophy), literary expert, Writers’ Union member. Made anti-Stalinist declaration at celebration in memory of Andrei Platonov.
Expelled from Party in his absence by Moscow City Party committee.
34. Yuly Kim
Teacher of Russian language and literature, residential school for physics & mathematics (Moscow State University); author and performer of several well-known songs; signed the Letters of 116, 44 and 170, and the Appeals (with Ilya Gabai and Pyotr Yakir) “To Figures in Science, Culture and the Arts” and to the Budapest conference (CCE 1.4).
Yuly Ch. Kim (b. 1936)
Dismissed from post “at his own request”; prevented from giving public performances of his songs; arrangements for him to act the leading role in a film broken off.
35. Alexander Kon
Physicist, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, signed the Letter of 120. Expelled from Komsomol.
36. Vladimir Konev
Philosophy lecturer, NOVOSIBIRSK University; signed the Novosibirsk Letter. Severe Party reprimand.
37. Lev Kopelev
Critic, expert in German literature, Cand.Sci., Writers’ Union member; inmate of Stalin’s labour camps, rehabilitated, readmitted to Party and Institute of Art History.
Signed the Letter of 12 (3.//), author of individual letter about Ginzburg-Galanskov trial; wrote article “Why should the rehabilitation of Stalin be impossible?” for Tagebuch (Austrian Communist periodical).
Expelled from Party by district Party committee; dismissed from post by director without confirmation of Academic Council. His books and articles, previously accepted for publication, have been withdrawn.
38. Esfir Kositsyna
Teacher of English, School of Physics & Mathematics, USSR Academy of Sciences (Siberian Section); signed the Novosibirsk Letter. Expelled from Party; dismissed from post “at her own request”.
39. Mikhailina Kotsyubinskaya
Writer resident in Kiev, signed the UKRAINIAN Letter. Dismissed from post.
40. Irina Kristi
Mathematician, Institute of Theoretical & Experimental Physics; signed the Letters of 166, 170 and 99. Dismissed “through staff cuts”.
41. Alexander Kronrod
D.Sc. (Physico-Mathematical Sciences), director of laboratory of computer mathematics (Institute of Theoretical & Experimental Physics); signed the Letter of 99. Dismissed “through staff cuts”.
42. Lydia Kronrod
Mathematician, lecturer at the Pedagogical Institute, signed the Letter of 99. Dismissed by decision of the Academic Council.
43. Leonid Krysin
Linguist, Cand.Sc. (Philology), Institute of Russian Language (CCE 2.2), signed the Letter of 120. Removed from editorial board of The Russian Language in School.
44. Sergei Larin
Critic, translator of Polish prose, works on journal Soviet Literature (published in foreign languages), signed the Writers’ Letter. Expelled from Journalists’ Union.
45. Pavel Litvinov
Physicist, Institute of Precision Chemical Technology; wrote letter to Soviet and foreign Communist newspapers about his KGB “prophylactic chat” concerning Vladimir Bukovsky’s trial; signed the Letters of 116 and 44, and an Appeal (with Larisa Bogoraz) entitled “To World Public Opinion” (CCE 1.2-1) and the Appeal to the Budapest conference (CCE 1.4).
Dismissed for “shirking”, a few days before the trial began in January 1968, immediately after the publication of his first letter in the Western press.
Forced to undergo In March another “prophylactic chat” with the procurator’s office: threatened with prosecution under Article 190-1 (RSFSR Criminal Code).
46. Vyacheslav Luchkov
Physiologist, Institute of Psychology, signed the Letter of 170. Expelled from Komsomol by Komsomol district committee.
47. Margarita Luchkova
Engineer, signed the Letter of 170. Expelled from Komsomol.
48. Vadim Meniker
Cand.Sc. (Economics), Institute for the Economics of the World Socialist System; well-known for his letter about the Sinyavsky-Daniel trial, signed the Letters of 116 and 80.
Dismissed by decision of the Academic Council.
49. Alexander Morozov
Expert in literature, editor at Art publishers, signed the Letter of 120. Dismissed “because of staff cuts”. His appeal for reinstatement refused.
50. Dmitry Muravyov
Editor at Art publishers. Dismissed “because of staff cuts”. Appeal to courts for reinstatement refused.
51. Boris Naidorf
Physics lecturer, School of Physics & Mathematics, USSR Academy of Sciences (Siberian Section; CCE 2.2); signed the Novosibirsk Letter. Dismissed “at his own request”.
52. Nikolai Naumov
Writers’ Union member, works at Foreign Literature magazine; signed the Letter of 120. Expelled from Party, demoted at work.
53. Valentin Nepomnyashchy
Critic, Journalists’ Union member, headed Soviet literature department at Questions of Literature [Voprosy literatury] magazine, signed the Writers’ Letter. Removed from post of departmental head.
54. Alexander Ogurtsov
Cand.Sc. (Philosophy), research officer, Institute of the International Workers’ Movement (USSR Academy of Sciences), signed the Letter of 80.
55. Valery Pavlinchuk
Physicist at Obninsk Institute of Physics & Power. Expelled from the Party by the Party //town committee for his activities on unofficial publications (samizdat).
Kaluga Region Party Committee added signature on the Letter of 170 to reasons for expulsion. Deprived of security pass, dismissed “because of staff cuts”.
Party organisation of section where Pavlinchuk was Party organiser opposed decision of the Party town committee as a breach of Party regulations. Organisation has been dissolved. (Pavlinchuk died later that year, see CCE 5.3 [139-142].)
56. Leonid Pazhitnov
Cand.Sc. (Philosophy), research officer at the Institute of the History of the Arts, signed the Letter of 80. On the Party district committee’s recommendation, dismissed from his job.
57. Vladimir Pertsovsky
Lecturer at the School of Physics & Mathematics (USSR Academy of Sciences, Siberian Section; CCE 2.2) signed the Novosibirsk Letter. Dismissed from his post.
58. Yury Pilyar
Prose-writer, member of the Writers’ Union, wartime inmate of Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria and then of Stalin’s camps, rehabilitated, signed the Writers’ Letter. Severe Party reprimand.
59. Grigory Pomerants
Philosopher and specialist on India working at the Fundamental Library of the Social Sciences [INION]. Inmate of Stalin’s camps; has written several articles for unofficial publications, two of which were published in the Phoenix 66 collection. Signed the Letter of 170. Examination of his dissertation at the Institute of Asian Peoples (Note 2) postponed indefinitely.
60. Alexander Pyatigorsky
Cand.Sc. (Philology), specialist in Indian studies at the Institute of Asian Peoples (Note 2), signed the Letter of 80. Dismissed ‘for absenteeism’.
The absenteeism was provoked when Pyatigorsky was neither granted leave nor a business-trip to attend a conference in Estonia of which he was one of the organizers. He went there “off his own bat”.
61. Vladimir Rodionov
D.Sc. (Biology), Institute of Medical Biochemistry; signed the Letter of 120.
62. Svetlana Rozhnova
Historian and postgraduate student at the University of NOVOSIBIRSK; signed the Novosibirsk letter. Expelled from the Party.
63. Natalya Romanova
Mathematician, Institute of Atmospheric Physics; signed the Letter of 120. Expelled from the Komsomol.
64. Mikhail Roshchin
Prose writer, member of the Writers’ Union, signed the Writers’ Letter. Severe Party reprimand.
65. Konstantin Rudnitsky
Member of the Writers’ Union, Cand.Sci. (Philosophy) Institute of Art History; signed the Letters of 116 and 31. Severe Party reprimand.
66. Valentina Savenkova
Worker at Likhachov car factory, wife of Pyotr Yakir; inmate of the Stalinist labour camps, rehabilitated; signed the Letters of 116, 44 and 170. Dismissed “because of staff cuts”.
67. Nadezhda Svetlichnaya (Ukr. Nadiya Svitlychna)
Resident in Kiev, signed the “UKRAINIAN Letter”. Dismissed from her post.
68. Grigory Svirsky
Prose writer and member of the Writers’ Union; made a speech on censorship and the revival of Stalinism at a Party meeting of Moscow writers. Expelled from the Party by the Party district committee.
69. Dmitry Segal
Linguist, Institute of Slavonic Studies, signed the Letters of the 31 and 170. Defence of dissertation indefinitely postponed.
70. Fedot Suchkov
Critic, member of the Writers’ Union, subjected to repression in Stalin’s time, signed the Writers’ letter.
71. Moisei Tulchinsky
Cand.Sc. (History), took part in the Great Patriotic War, decorated, works at Nauka publishers, signed the Letter of 120.
72. Natalya Ustinova
Typist and witness at the trial of Galanskov, Ginzburg and the others, signed the Letters of 116 and 44 and the Witnesses (3.12). Dismissed “at her own request”.
73. Abram Fet
D.Sc. (Physico-Mathematical Sciences), Institute of Mathematics, USSR Academy of Sciences (Siberian Section; CCE 2.2); signed the Novosibirsk Letter. Demoted by the Academic Council to junior research associate.
74. Isaac Filshtinsky
Cand.Sc. (History), senior research officer at the Institute of the Asian Peoples (see Note 2, and entries 17, 22, 59, 60 and 74). Subjected to repression in Stalin’s time, wrote a letter with wife philologist Anna Rappoport to A.N. Kosygin asking for humane review of the case. Expelled from the Party by the Party district committee.
75. Sergei Fomin
D.Sc. (Physico-Mathematical Sciences), professor at Moscow University, signed the Letter of 99 mathematicians on behalf of Volpin. Expelled from Party.
76. Aron Khanukov
Chief engineer in building materials plant, signed letter of ten friends of Ginzburg sent to Komsomolskaya pravda daily newspaper. Removed from his job as chief engineer.
77. Yury Tsekhmistrenko
Cand.Sc. (Physical & Mathematical Sciences), resident in Kiev, signed the UKRAINIAN letter. Expelled from the Party.
78. Maya Cheremisina
Linguist, Cand.Sci. (Philological Sciences), University of NOVOSIBIRSK. Dismissed “because of staff cuts” owing to closure of department for mathematical linguistics (see entry 21).
79. Victor Shakhsuvarov
Engineer, signed the Letter of 170. Dismissed “because of redundancy”.
80. Galina Shestopal
Cand.Sc. (Physical & Mathematical Sciences), teacher at the Pedagogical Institute, signed the Letter of 99. Dismissed by decision of the Academic Council.
81. Yury Shikhanovich
Mathematician, Cand.Sci. (Pedagogical Sciences), lecturer in department for mathematical linguistics, Philology faculty (Moscow State University); signed the Letter of 99. Dismissed from post.
82. Boris Shragin
Cand.Sc. (Philosophy), research officer, Institute of the History of the Arts; signed the Letter of 80 and gave his address as sender of the letter; also signed Appeal to the Budapest conference (CCE 1.4; more about this appeal later). On Party district committee’s recommendation dismissed from post.
83. Shtengel
Member of Institute of Automatic Research, USSR Academy of Sciences (Siberian Section; CCE 2.2), signed the Novosibirsk Letter. Dismissed “because of staff cuts”.
84. Georgy Shchedrovitsky
Cand.Sc. (Philosophy), signed the Letter of 170. Expelled from the Party.
85. Grigory Yablonsky
Chemist, Institute of Catalysis, USSR Academy of Sciences (Siberian Section; CCE 2.2), songwriter and performer, signed the Novosibirsk Letter. Expelled from Party.
Article (by Yu. Shapokov) violently attacking Yablonsky published in Soviet Russia newspaper.
86. Isaac Yaglom
Mathematician, D.Sc. (Pedagogical Sciences), Pedagogical Institute. Dismissed by decision of the Academic Council.
87. Boris Yampolsky
Prose writer, member of the Writers’ Union. Severe Party reprimand for an anti-Stalinist speech read (not by Yampolsky himself) at celebration in memory of Andrei Platonov.
88. Ivan Yakhimovich
Philologist, graduate of University of Latvia; chairman of Young Guard (Jauna Gvarde) collective farm, Kraslava district (Latvian SSR); external student at Latvian Agricultural Academy.
Wrote individual letter to CPSU Central Committee. Expelled from Party in his absence by Party district committee. Removed from chairmanship of collective farm.
89. Irina Yakhimovich
Wife of Ivan Yakhimovich, teacher of Russian language & literature at Young Guard collective farm school. Dismissed from post.
*
90. Raisa Berg
D.Sc. (Biology), geneticist, Institute of Molecular Biology, USSR Academy of Sciences (Siberian Section; CCE 2.2), signed the Novosibirsk Letter. Dismissed “at her own request”.
91. Lev Kvachevsky
Chemist resident in Leningrad, signed the Letters of 170 and the 10 Leningraders (3.11). Dismissed “because of staff cuts”.
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NOTES
- For a summary of the contents of the most common letters, see CCE 1.2-3.
↩︎ - Future husband of Ludmila Alexeyeva (entry 4, above). Left USSR in 1977 and moved to the USA.
↩︎ - Between 1960 and 1970, “The Institute of Asian Peoples” was the title (see entries 17, 22, 59, 60 and 74) of the present-day Institute of Oriental Studies
↩︎ - Golomstok left the USSR and settled in the UK in 1972.
↩︎
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A Chronicle of Current Events 