See Preface

1. Prisoners in Camp 35

One hundred and fifty two names.

2.I – CHARGES RELATING TO SAMIZDAT, LETTERS, PETITIONS & PROTESTS

(1) Vorobyov, Oleg Ivanovich: 35 years old, a worker. In 1969 he supported the first letter by the Action Group (CCE 8). Arrested on 24 September 1970 in Perm. Tried on charges relating to samizdat, under Article 70; sentence — three years in prison (Vladimir Prison) and three years in camps.

• Co-defendant: R. Vedeneyev, sentence — three years (CCE 16 and 18).

(2) Davydov, Georgi Valentinovich: 33 years old, a geological engineer from Leningrad. Reproduced samizdat, including the Chronicle, with a duplicating machine. Arrested on 22 September 1972. Article 70, sentence — five years in camps and two years in exile.

• Co-defendant: V. Petrov, sentence — three years and two in exile (CCE 29).

(3) Khaustov, Victor Alexandrovich: b. 1938, a worker.

First sentence – three years (1967-1970) under Article 190-3 for taking part in the well-known demonstration on Pushkin Square in Moscow on 22 January 1967. Arrested a second time on 17 January 1973. Sentenced by the Oryol Region Court to four years in camps and two years’ exile, under Article 70 (CCE 32). The main charge was helping to send the Diaries of Eduard Kuznetsov to the West.

2.2 –CASES CONCERNING “ANTI-SOVIET” ORGANIZATIONS

(4) Belomesov, Victor Pavlovich: 26 years old, a fourth-year student at the Donetsk Polytechnic Institute evening courses, worked in a mine storehouse. A member of the RPSI, i.e. the so-called ‘anti-trampolists’, see note on Davidenko’s case in Camp 35 list above, No. 8. Arrested in March 1971. Articles 70 & 72; sentence — four years.

(5) Semiletov, Victor Alekseyevich: 28 years old, formerly a student at the MVD special school in Donetsk. Co-defendants were Davidenko, Belomesov, etc. Sentence — four or five years.

(6) Borozdin-Braun, Nikolai Nikolayevich: 38 years old. Arrested in May 1969. Articles 70 & 72; sentence — seven years in camps and two years in exile.

• Co-defendants were S.A. Malchevsky (sentence — seven years and three years) and A.S. Berger (sentence — four and two years). For the case of Malchevsky and Braun CCE 9.

(7) Petrashko, Valery Mikhailovich: b. 1951, a communications worker. Arrested in 1969 in  Krasnoyarsk and sentenced under Articles 68 (diversion), 70 & 72 to five years in camps. The case concerned distribution of pamphlets and with arson in the city’s administrative buildings (CCE 15).

• Co-defendants were V. Potemkin (five years) and E. Rogalyova (five years — now released).

(8-9) Frolov and Grilius:

Frolov, Oleg Ivanovich: b. 1945 or 1946, a fourth-year student at the Ryazan Institute of Radio-Technology. Arrested in 1969. Articles 70 & 72, sentence — five years.

Case of the Union of Communards, also known as the “Saratov-Ryazan case” (CCE 14.7) or, to be more precise, the Ryazan branch of the case (Vudka and others). Frolov was released when his sentence expired, in July; his co-defendant, Grilius, Shimon Aronovich, b. 1945, also a former student, was freed in August of this year. [NOTE: Both have since emigrated to Israel.]

(10-11) Shaburov, Nikolai Artemovich: b. 1945, head of a repair workshop in Liepaja, Latvian SSR; Pestov, Viktor Georgievich: b. 1940, metalworker from Sverdlovsk. Both sentenced to five years, beginning from May 1970.

Co-defendants:

• Pestov, Valery Georgievich, b. 1948, brother of Viktor Pestov, also worked in Sverdlovsk as a metalworker, sentence four years, now freed;
• Uzlov, Vladislav Nikolayevich: b. 1948, freight dispatcher on Sverdlovsk railway, sentence — three and a half years;
• Bersenev, Vladimir Yevgenyevich: b. 1948, a metalworker in the Sverdlovsk Housing Department, sentence — three years.

All five were members of the Komsomol; they were charged under Articles 70 & 72.

In 1968 Viktor Pestov and Shaburov founded the “Free Russia” group. On 7 November 1969, they distributed pamphlets in Sverdlovsk; they worked out a charter and a program of action and organized themselves into the “Russian Workers’ Party”. In 1969-1970 they distributed leaflets and their program. They demanded the overthrow of Party absolutism, wage rises, higher student grants, an increase in house-building, and a broadening of relations with the West. The case was tried by the Sverdlovsk Region Court at the end of November 1970.

(In CCEs 25 and 32 the Pestov brothers were erroneously linked with another trial in Sverdlovsk, described in CCE 24.1. That trial took place in November 1971 and concerned the “RPSI case” — see above [on G.M. Davidenko, Camp 35, No. 8]).

(12) Sado, Mikhail Yukhanovich: b. 1934, Orientalist. One of the leaders of the Social-Christian Union (CCE 1.6); ‘the head of the personnel department, and responsible for the security of the organization.” Arrested in the spring of 1967. Articles 64, 70 & 72; sentence — 13 years. Held in Vladimir Prison up to 1969 (CCE 19.//).

(13-14) Chekhovskoi, Alexander Konstantinovich: b. 1947, a worker, formerly Secretary of the Komsomol organization in the Voroshilovgrad Construction combine; a member of the “Party to Struggle for the Realization of Lenin’s Ideas”. The same case involved G.I. Tolstousov, Polotsky and others. Details of their trial and sentences are not known. [NOTE: Chekhovskoi was arrested in Voroshilovgrad in 1970 and sentenced to six years under Article 70. Tolstousov’s sentence is not known, but his release was reported in CCE 35.]

• Tolstousov, Gennady Ivanovich: Co-defendant of Chekhovskoi.

(15) Deonisiadi, German Vasilyevich: b. 1938, a joiner. Involved in the case of the ‘Young Worker’ group in Alma-Ata (CCE 18). Sentence — five years. Deonisiadi was released on health grounds (apparently in 1972, or earlier) after spending some time in the psychiatric ward of the camp hospital.

• Co-defendants: B. Bykov: sentence — six years, expired in 1973; and V. Mednikov: sentence — three years; released in 1970.

(16) Chamovskikh, Viktor Petrovich: b. 1940, worked as a lathe operator in a factory in Kerch, contributed to the [official Soviet] newspaper Kerch Worker.

He typed out “The Program of the Working Class”, drafted by Yakubenko, which — in the words of the indictment — “contained lying fabrications which defamed the policy of the Party, and which also regarded the existence of a parallel Communist Party as both possible and necessary”. Besides this, Chamovskikh and Yakubenko had written an article which, according to the indictment, “contained cheap fabrications concerning the position of the working-class in the USSR, its participation in the directing of production, and called for the working-class to unite in the fight for their rights”. The Program or the article may have been signed “The Union for the Defence of Workers’ Rights”, and one or other of these documents may have included a call for a group of this name to be formed.

During a workers’ strike in Kerch, Chamovskikh posted up — in Kerch, Zhdanov and Kharkov — a pamphlet headed “Communards shall not be Slaves”.

At the trial Chamovskikh testified that he had not had any subversive aims, and that Yakubenko had been the author of all the documents. The sentence of the Crimean Region Court was four years in camps and three years in exile.

Yakubenko was sent to a psychiatric hospital. [NOTE: For more details of this case, from the official viewpoint, see CCE 22, where Yakubenko’s initials are given as N.I. No information is available on Yakubenko’s subsequent fate.  CCE 35 reports Chamovskikh’s release from camp and dispatch into exile.]

(17) Lukyanenko, Lev Grigorevich: b. 1927, a lawyer, formerly a member of the Communist Party. Arrested in Lvov in 1961. He was the chief defendant at the trial, where some others were also convicted. He was sentenced to death by shooting, but this was later commuted to 15 years’ imprisonment.

The case of Lukyanenko and of his co-defendants has been described in detail in V. Chomovil’s “Green Book” [NOTE: Not available in English but lengthy extracts have been published in Browne (ed.) Ferment in Ukraine, 1971]. Lukyanenko was transferred to Vladimir Prison on 3 July (see this issue, CCE 33.//).

(18) Grinkov, Dmitry Dmitriyevich: b. 1948, Ukrainian, motor mechanic in the town of Kolomiya.

Founder and leader of the “Union of the Ukrainian Youth of Galicia”; his co-defendants were N.N. Motryuk (sentence — four years), I.V. Shovkovoi (five years), D.I. Demidov (five years) and R.V. Chuprei (four years).

The Ivano-Frankovsk Region Court gave Grinkov seven years in camps and three years in exile. His sentence began on 15 March 1973. The trial of “The Union of the Ukrainian Youth of Galicia” was held in August 1973 (in this issue, see CCE 33.10).

(19) Sapelyak, Stepan: about 24, Ukrainian. Arrested and convicted for distributing Ukrainian nationalist pamphlets and literature, and for being a member of a youth organization; sentence — five years. He has been in the camp since the spring or early summer.

(20) Sinkov: co-defendant of Sapelyak.

(21) Lapp, Raivo-Tomas Erikovich: b. 1947, Estonian, laboratory worker in Tartu University. Arrested in December 1969. Articles 70 & 72; sentence — five years (CCE 15).

• Co-defendants: Vosu, Andres Johanovich: b. 1945, taxi-driver; Paulius, Enn Ernstovich: b. 1947, a metalworker; Kyiv, Evald Aksenovich: b. 1947, a worker.

The verdict reads: “. . . having already anti-Soviet views, they formed an anti-Soviet group which planned to proselytize others, and to accumulate weapons with the intent of committing especially dangerous crimes against the State. They had in their possession two M K machine-guns, five rifles, one automatic rifle, 3.5 kgs of grenades, eight detonators, 11 metres of fuse-wire, two pistols and four Mausers. They were planning to blow up an electric high-voltage cable, and also to blow up a monument to Soviet soldiers . . . they approved of the crimes of the fascists. They listened to tape-recordings of German martial music and Hitler’s speeches; they read nationalist books.”

(22) Saarte, Willi Feliksovich: b. 1942, Estonian, a worker. In 1967-68 he was serving a term in Corrective Labour Colony No. 5, in the city of Tallinn. According to the verdict in his second case, Saarte, while in the camp, took steps to form an armed nationalist organization, and made contact with prisoner Matus of the same camp colony. On regaining his liberty, he tried to organize the “Eesti Rachvuspartem”, an Estonian nationalist party.

Sentence — 4 ½ years. Due to be released at the end of this year [CCE 24].

2.3 – ZIONISTS

(23-24) Those convicted in the case of the ‘aeroplane people’:

• Dymshits, Mark Yulevich: b. 1927, pilot, until his arrest a member of the Party. Sentence — 15 years (CCE 17).
• Zalmanson, Vulf: b. 1939, a soldier. Sentenced to ten years by a Leningrad military tribunal (CCE 18).

(25) Chernoglaz, David: b. 1939; the Kishinyov ‘aeroplane-related’ trial. Sentence — five years, ending in the summer of 1975 (CCE 20). Transferred to Vladimir Prison (see above in this issue).

2.4 – PERSONS ATTEMPTING TO LEAVE THE USSR

(26-27) Abankin, Vitold: a soldier. Crossed the border. Sentence — 12 years, began in 1966. He has renounced his Soviet citizenship in the camp (CCE 32, in which he was erroneously referred to as Viktor).

• Chesnokov, a soldier. Co-defendant with Abankin. Sentence — ten years.

(28) Berniichuk, Apollony Alexandrovich: soldier. Sentence — 12 years.

(29) Grigoryev, Victor: 30 years old, a soldier. Sentence — six years. Deserted because of his religious convictions, tried to cross the border. [NOTE: Victor Yevgenyevich Grigoryev’s sentence was seven years, according to a long appeal he wrote in 1972 to world Christians. It also indicates that he was arrested in 1968 and renounced his Soviet citizenship in 1972: see Russian text in Novy zhurnal, New York, 1975, No. 118.]

(30) Dudin, Anatoly, a sailor. Sentence — 15 years. He ‘jumped ship’ while on the island of Malta and tried to remain there.

(31) Kudirka, Simas: b. 1930, radio operator on the fishing-vessel ‘Soviet Lithuania’. Escaped to an American ship but was handed back by its captain; was taken back to the USSR, arrested, and tried under Article 64. Sentence — ten years (CCE 20). He was transferred to Vladimir Prison on 3 July.

In the middle of the summer the U S government recognized S. Kudirka as a citizen of the USA because his mother, Sulskene, had been an American citizen (CCE 32). At the end of August, he was granted an official pardon by the Soviet authorities and released.

At the beginning of November, he received permission to leave the country, and emigrated to the USA with his mother, wife and two children.

(32) Koptsyukh, a soldier. Sentence — 12 years.

(33) Repiev, Arkady, a soldier. Sentence — ten years, released after serving it to the end. [NOTE: Confirmed in Browne (1971), p 100. Repiev was one of a group of six men from Khodorov who were tried in Lvov.]

(34) Safronov, Alexei Vitalyevich: b. 1952 a soldier. Sentence — 12 years [CCE 32].

While on guard duty with Lance-Corporal S.A. Kolmakov on the night of 20 November 1970 — when their unit was stationed in East Germany — they deserted together, taking their weapons with them, and went into hiding. They were discovered on the morning of 25 November, and at first resisted capture; seeing how useless this was, Kolmakov shot himself, but Safronov gave himself up. According to the charges, they “had agreed that if they succeeded in crossing (the West German Border, Chronicle) they would ask for political asylum, would make anti-Soviet statements to the press and on television, and would give away military secrets”.

(35) Zakharov, Vyacheslav Mikhailovich, a soldier. Sentence — 12 years. Soon due for release.

(36) Panifidin, Mikhail Mikhailovich: b. 1945, a soldier. Sentence — ten years.

• His co-defendant was Lichutin (Pyotr Vladimirovich), b. 1945. Sentence — 12 years. Articles 64, 89 (stealing State property) and 146 (banditry).

According to the verdict:

“On 26 January 1966, fearing that criminal proceedings would be instituted against them on account of the number of times they had been absent without leave on drunken sprees, they agreed to escape to West Germany together. They took a map from the Lenin reading room, stole ammunition and sub-machine guns, seized a vehicle, wounding an East German citizen in the process, and set off for the border; but realizing that a search for them was in progress, they hid in a haystack. They saw the search parties, which included Soviet sub-divisions and German police, but did not renounce their plan, deciding instead to wait till the search was over. They intended, on reaching West Germany, to divulge all the military information in their possession, including details of the unit they were serving in, so as to gain permission to reside in West Germany.”

This case, like other cases of attempted escape from East to West Germany by Soviet servicemen, was tried by a military tribunal in Potsdam.

Panifidin was pardoned and released this year.

2.5 – UKRAINIAN NATIONALISTS (AND THOSE RULED TO BE SUCH)

(37) Reznikov, Alexei Sergeyevich: a writer. Arrested on 9 November 1971. Sentence — 5 ½ years; charged in connection with Ukrainian and Muscovite samizdat.

• Co-defendants: N. Strokata and A. Prityka (CCE 25 and 28).

(38) Sverstyuk, Yevgeny Alexandrovich: 34 years old, literary specialist. Arrested in January 1972, tried in April 1973 under Article 70. The charges concerned works of literary criticism and conversations. Sentence — seven years in camps and five in exile. Transferred temporarily to the hospital in Camp 35 last September. (On Sverstyuk, see CCE 7, 24, 27 and 29.//)

(39) Chernomaz, Bogdan Danilovich: 25 years old, a qualified soil expert, worked as a teacher in the Ternopol Region. Trial in November 1972, Article 70. Sentence — three or four years.

• Co-defendant: Kuzma Ivanovich Matviyuk (now in Dubrovlag Camp 19, sentence — four years).

(40) Zdorovy, Anatoly Kuzmich: 35 years old, a mathematician from Kharkov. At first sentenced to four years of camps, but later, following a protest by the Procurator, this was increased to seven years [CCE 35 and 36].

(41) Cherny, b. 1949. Article 70. Sentence — five or six years.

(42) Lutsik, Mikhail: 42 years old. Convicted in 1965 for distributing Ukrainian samizdat. Sentence — 15 years; has served time in Vladimir Prison (CCE 11).

[NOTE: This information is erroneous. Lutsik was imprisoned for about ten years prior to 1956, then arrested again in 1960, tried in April 1961 and released in 1972. In autumn 1973 he was sentenced to two years for ‘vagrancy’. See CCE 35, Ukrainian Herald No. 4, and The Chornovil Papers, p. 216.]

(43) Turik, Andrei. Sentence — 15 years.

(44) Pokrovsky, Ivan Nikolayevich: member of OUN. Article 58-1. Sentence — 25 years; due to be released at the beginning of December this year [CCE 35].

(45) Kurchik, Nikolai Yakovlevich: member of OUN. Arrested in about 1946, Article 58-1. Sentence — 25 years. In 1954 he was given another 25 years, the two sentences to run concurrently. Due to be released in 1979 [CCEs 25, 35]. Transferred at the beginning of August to the special regime camp in Mordovia, where he is to serve out the rest of his time.

(46) Glyva, Vladimir: Article 58-1 (OUN), Sentence — 25 years.

(47) Griniv, OUN member. Sentence apparently 25 years. He was pardoned this year, after 23i years in labour camps.

(48) Girchik (or Gerchak), Grigory Andreyevich: 43 years old, member of OUN. Sentence — 25 years, ending in 1976-77.

(49) Prindya, Grigory. Sentence — 25 or 15 years, apparently for being a member of the OUN.

(50) Protsiv, Mikhail. Sentence — 15 years, apparently arrested in 1962 in connection with the case of the “Ukrainian National Committee”. [NOTE: Confirmed in M. Browne (1971), p 100. Protsiv was one of a group of six men from Khodorov who were tried in Lvov.]

(51) Pilitsyak. OUN member. [NOTE: According to another document, his first name was Dimitry and his sentence, 25 years under Article 58-1. CCE 35 reports his release.]

2.6 – THE LITHUANIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT

(52) Skarzinskas, Juozas, b. 1926. Arrested in 1947. Sentence — 25 years, plus three years for an escape attempt. Due to be released in 1975.

(53) Jurkstas, Vladas, b. 1923. Arrested 1949. Sentence — 25 years.

(54) Lesauskai, Juozas, b. 1918. Arrested in 1950. Sentence — 25 years.

(55) Klimas, Vaclavas, b. 1913. Arrested 1951. Sentence — 25 years.

(56) Akramavicius, Petras, b. 1930. Arrested 1952. Sentence — 25 years.

(57) Kadzionis, Jonas, b. 1928. Arrested 1953. Sentence — 25 years.

(58) Kavoliunas, Vytas, b. 1927. Arrested 1953. Sentence — 25 years.

(59) Kazakevicius, Antanas: b. apparently in 1926. Arrested 1953. Sentence — 25 years.

(60) Gricius, Jonas: b. 1910. Arrested 1954. Sentence — 25 years.

(61) Dubauskas, Julius: b. apparently 1927. Arrested 1955. Sentence — 25 years.

(62) Mitrikas, Vladas: b. 1910. Arrested 1955. Sentence — 25 years.

(63) Rekasius, Benius: b. 1927. Arrested in about 1955. Sentence — 25 years.

(64) Sidaris, Vytas: b. 1928. Sentence — 25 years; transferred from a special regime camp in 1973; transferred temporarily from Camp 36 to the hospital in Camp 35.

(65) Streikus, Izidorius: b. 1928. Arrested 1962, Sentence — 15 years.

(66) Paulauskas, Jonas: b. 1915. Arrested 1964. Sentence — 15 years.

(67) Dzaitgis, Antanas: b. 1914. Arrested 1965. Sentence — 15 years.

(68) Morkunas, Stasis: b. 1913. Arrested in about 1965. Sentence — 15 years.

(69) Zvynis, Bronius: b. 1915. Arrested 1965. Sentence — 15 years.

(70) Remeika, Vytas: b. 1942. Arrested 1967. Sentence — 10 years, possibly on a criminal charge.

(71) Serksnis, Jonas: b. 1917, Arrested 1968. 15-year sentence under Article 64.

(72) Bakanavicius, Antanas: b. 1917. Arrested 1969, Sentence — 15 years, Article 64.

(73) Silinskas, Jonas: b. 1943. Arrested 1970. Sentence — five years [CCEs 23, 30].

• Co-defendant: Pasilis (Aleksis). Sentence — four years, released in August.

(74) Baranauskas, Stasis. Sentence — ten years.

(75) Zukauskas, Sarunas: b. 1950, a sixth-year student at Kaunas Medical Institute. Apparently arrested at the end of March 1973. Charged with creating an underground organization. Articles 70 & 72. Sentence — six years.

• Co-defendants:
• Sakalauskas,
• Rudaitis,
• Povilonis,
• Mackevicius (CCE 32 and Chronicle of the Lithuanian Catholic Church, No. 10).

(76) Murauskas, Algis: b. 1952. Arrested 1973. Sentence — three years. Hung out a national flag.

(77) Rimkus, Jonas: b. 1916. Sentence — 15 years.

(78) Randis, Zigmas: b. in about 1920. Sentence — believed to be ten years.

(79) Petraitis: over 50 years old. Sentence — 25 years.

2.7 – SENTENCED FOR RELIGIOUS CONVICTIONS

(80-82)

Jehovah’s Witnesses:

• Ivanov;
• Klymyuk;
• Volchansky, Stepan: released in July.

(83) Tikalas: a Moldavian, apparently also a Jehovah’s Witness.

2.8 – WAR CRIMINALS

The so-called Soviet of the Colony Collective (SKK) is, in theory, the camp’s self-governing body. It is composed of persons, to quote the RSFSR Corrective Labour Code, “who have recommended themselves by their exemplary behaviour and their conscientious attitude to labour and education”. In camps where there are political prisoners, this body consists almost entirely of people who collaborated with the Germans during 1941-45, especially as policemen for the occupation. (As a rule, the political prisoners themselves boycott the SKK — CCE 33.5.)

(84-100)

Prisoners who, according to available evidence, served in the police force under the Germans:

• Baranov, Ivan. Sentence — 25 years;
• Braga;
• Bortnik, Yevgeny;
• Bortnik, Mikhail;
• Voronin, Yevgeny;
• Vinogradov, a brigade-leader. Sentence — 25 years; SKK member;
• Goncharov: recently arrested;
• Dubas;
• Dzhaburin;
• Zagrebayev, Ivan: a brigadier. Sentence — 15 years, Article 64; SKK member;
• Kamuz. 15-year sentence under Article 64.
• Kurtanidze;
• Prikhodko, Fyodor (perhaps a Vlasovite) [CCE 35];
• Stepanov, Yevgeny: a brigadier. Sentence — 25 years; SKK member;
• Strogonov, recently arrested;
• Fedyuk;
• Zeitunyan, Andronik: over 60 years old. Sentence — 15 years.

(101) Akhmedov.

(102) Veitsvager: disabled, has lost a leg. Sentence — 15 years; recently arrived at Camp 36.

(103) Petriv.

(104) Reshetko. Sentence — 25 years.

(105) Strotsen. Sentence — 25 years.

(106) Tokarev, Boris Ivanovich: librarian. Sentence — 25 years; SKK member.

(107) Onishchenko: a brigadier. Sentence — 25 years; member of SKK.

(108-111)

• Best
• Sauter
• Funk
• Kost

Odessa Germans, each sentenced to 25 years in 1957 for taking part in mass shootings of Jews (CCE 35); mistakenly described as “Volga Germans” in CCE 33.

(112-114)

• Linra
• Khaavastik
• Saarts

each sentenced to 25 years [CCE 35].

(115) Vetra: Estonian, SS officer. Sentence — 25 years; SKK member.

(116) Shalomatin: served in the Wehrmacht. Sentence — 25 years.

(117) Opanasenko. Sentence — 25 years. Hanged himself in the hospital, when he still had two years to serve.

(118) Sylka. Sentence — 25 years. Died of an ulcer in hospital in June, when he had less than two years left to serve.

2.9 – ESPECIALLY DANGEROUS CRIMES AGAINST THE STATE

(119) Makarenko, Mikhail Yanovich: 43 years old.

Founded the well-known club ‘Under the Integral’ in Akademgorodok, Novosibirsk, and established the picture gallery at the Scientists’ Club of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Arrested on 5 July 1969. Sentenced to eight years in camps by the Moscow City Court under Article 70 and Articles 88f 162 and 173 (currency transactions, engaged in a forbidden craft, and taking bribes). Under Article 70 he was convicted for writing a letter to the Budapest conference of communist parties, which he signed “The Party of Non-Party Workers, Fighting for Socialism” (CCE 16).

Makarenko was transferred to Vladimir Prison in September this year.

• His co-defendant — V. Rodionov — has been released.

(120) Astra, Gunnar: worked in Riga as a technician at the State Electrotechnical Factory which manufactures radios. He got to know some Americans, at an American exhibition, who later visited him in Riga; he showed them around the city.

Astra subsequently began to study at the Faculty of Foreign Languages, and, on leaving his factory job, took a photostat plan of the factory with him as a memento. This document, and a valuable collection of photographs, were confiscated during a search. Experts who examined this photostat plan several times admitted that it was not a secret document; upon further expert examination, however, it was eventually decided that, taken in conjunction with his technical knowledge of the factory in question, the photostat plan could have been used for espionage purposes. Among the photographs in the collection (about 10,000 in all) were: a picture of a bridge — espionage again; a few pictures of nude women — pornography. In addition, he was charged with anti-Soviet propaganda, on the evidence of witnesses with whom he had had conversations.

Charged under Article 64 (espionage), Article 70 (anti-Soviet propaganda), and Article 228 (pornography), and sentenced to 15 years. His sentence expires in 1976.

(121) Kampov, Pavel Fyodorovich: Ukrainian, b. 1929, a mathematician with a master’s degree; he taught at Uzhgorod University and at an advanced training institute for teachers and worked in the Regional education department.

In 1970 Kampov and some other persons were nominated to stand as deputies to the USSR Supreme Soviet, although their names had not been included in the official lists of candidates. Kampov was nominated at the Volovets timber combine as a candidate to represent the Uzhgorod constituency in the Supreme Soviet; Ivan Garagonich, 53 years old, chairman of the Trans-Carpathian Regional co-operative society and a member of the Party, was nominated as a candidate for the Mukachevo constituency; Maria Kish, 18 years old, Hungarian, a worker, was nominated for the Khust constituency; Ivan Mikhailovich Chendei, 47 years old, a member of the Party, and chairman of the Trans-Carpathian section of the Writers’ Union, was nominated for the Soviet of Nationalities for the Trans-Carpathian constituency. (The constituencies for elections to the Soviet of Nationalities are substantially larger than those for the Soviet of the Union.) About 100 publicity leaflets were distributed. No other details are known about the nominations.

On 16 June 1970 two days after the elections, Kampov was arrested without a warrant from the Procurator; one was eventually signed on 1 July. Kampov was kept in solitary confinement up to the time of his trial. He was then charged, in closed court, with having distributed the leaflets mentioned above. According to different information Kampov was also charged with having written, under a pseudonym, a pamphlet in Ukrainian called *25 Years of Hope and Disillusion’, which had been sent to Ukrainian publishing houses, and also with having written to the Party Central Committee requesting permission for a separate communist party of Trans-Carpathia. No relatives were present when sentence was pronounced.

Convicted under Article 70. Sentence —- six years in the camps, three in exile.

Garagonich asserted to the regional Party committee that he had not been connected with this nomination of candidates. Chendei was expelled from the Party. Nothing further is known about Kish.

Kampov’s wife was advised to divorce him, and his 73-year-old mother had her allotment-garden in the Mukachevo district confiscated. Kampov himself was threatened by KGB officials that he would be deprived of visits if he talked to anyone about his case. In April 1972 Kampov was visited by KGB Colonel Ruban, who promised him that if he kept quiet he would be freed on 1 September of the same year, and reinstated at work.

The nomination of Chendei was reported in CCE 18.

(122) Tachiev, Yusup: an Ingush, killed the chairman of a collective farm. Convicted under Article 66 — ‘terrorism’. Sentence — 25 years, plus another five — apparently for an offence committed in the camp. [Note:

(123) Kharlanov, Victor: 24 years old. Article 66 (?). Sentence — five years; due to be released this year.

(124) Ziemelis, Juris: 32 years old. Article 66. Sentence — 15 years, expiring in October 1975.

(125) Cherepukhin, 60 years old. Espionage: sentence – 10 years. Released in 1974.

(126) Vasilyev, Yury Vladimirovich:  b. 1947. Hijacked an aeroplane.

• Co-defendant Galina Vladimirovna Selivonchik is his sister (CCE 16).

2.10 – COMMON AND PETTY CRIMINALS TRANSFERRED TO “POLITICAL” CAMPS WHILE SERVING SENTENCES ELSEWHERE

(127) Vasin, about 50 years old. Some prisoners consider him to be mentally deranged. [NOTE: Yegor Vasin served in the Vlasov army, was given, while in a non-political camp, 25 years under Article 58 (of the Stalin-era Criminal Code) and has had this increased by further sentences imposed for offences committed in the camp, CCE 35.]

(128) Fedorchuk. Sentence — about five years. [NOTE: According to another document: Kirill Fedorchuk, b. 1924.]

(129) Frolov, Vasily: has already spent nearly 30 years ‘inside’ — has eight years still to serve.

(130) Krasnyak, a common criminal, now in a psychiatric hospital; was formerly in a special-regime camp.

(131) Kolomin, Vitaly Nikolayevich, 29 years old. Sentence – six years. [NOTE: CCE 35 points out that as he was sentenced under Article 70 (after being arrested in 1971) he should in fact appear in an earlier section of the list. See on him also CCE 32.]

(132-133) Rande, Karl Karlovich, and Gulais, G. When already in a camp, sentenced to four years under Article 70; due for release at the end of 1974.

2.11 – PRISONERS ABOUT WHOSE CASES THE CHRONICLE KNOWS LITTLE OR NOTHING

(134) Armans.

(135) Brikulis.

(136) Vernik, Ivan Alexeyevich: b. 1943. from near Moscow. Sentence – four years. Has been in Vladimir Prison.

(137) Gulil.

(138) Kalinichenko, Vitaly Vasilyevich: Sentence expires in 1976 [CCE 32].

(139) Kifyak, Semyon Ananyevich: about 33 years old. From Moscow. Article 70. Sentence – five years; due to end in November 1976.

(140) Marchuk: Sentence — 25 years.

(141) Puce: 22 years old. ArticIe 70; Sentence – five years.

(142) Potemin, Alexander Ivanovich: over 60 years old, has a Master’s degree in history. Sentence — 12 years.

(143) Nezdiiminoga, Vladimir: 35 years old. Sentence – four years plus three in exile [CCE 22].

(144) Solodky. 42 years old. Sentence — 15 years.

(145) Frolov, Nikolai. Article 70. [An error. CCE 35 says there is no such prisoner.]

(146) Vabishchevich, Grigory: a Belorussian, aged 43, OUN. Sentence – 25 years. used to be an SKK member. CCE 32 reported that he had renounced Soviet citizenship. [Note: CCE 35 corrects the spelling of Vabishchevich’s name, adds his first name, Grigory, and his age, 43, confirms the OUN charge, and says his sentence is due to end in March 1975.]

(147) Teslenko. Article 70. Sentence — about six years; SKK member.

(148) Potashov, Vladimir: was first charged under Article 70, then under Article 190-1, and finally again under Article 70. Sentence — four years. Released on 15 June 1974, now living in Omsk.

(149) Valetov, from the city of Togliatti. Sentence — three years; released at the end of May.

(150) Molchanov. Sentence — 25 years; pardoned and released.

(151) Kots, Nik. [CCE 28].

(152) Ritinysh. [Note: CCE 35 adds Article 58 (of Stalin-era Criminal Code), sentence — 25 years.]